The latter of these two losses was the worst defeat the Empire had suffered in its entire history. To the west, the Normans have taken southern Italy, and in the east the Turks have moved into Asia Minor after their decisive and terrible victory at Manzikert. The outer regions of the empire have been slipping from the Emperor's grasp for decades now. The differences between the thinking in Byzantium and the west were most profoundly highlighted with the Great Schism, the division of Christendom.Despite boasting the world's trade capital and home of Orthodox Christianity in Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire is well past its zenith and is now in steady decline. In fact, it is their reverence of the old ways that has brought the empire to a point of stagnation, in a world that has gradually kept moving on.

It is a mere shadow because despite retaining the civilised ways of the Roman legacy, the Byzantines have done little to further it.

Byzantium is the shadow that remains of the old Roman Empire.